"The girl was born to provide blood from the umbilical cord for a much-needed transplant. But it didn't match. That was before the doctors found suitable cord blood in the public blood bank," said Li Guoping, who estimated that his grandson's treatment has cost 1 million yuan since he was diagnosed.

"Half of that amount has to come from our own pockets," he said. The 500,000 yuan they owe is enough to break any rural family with a monthly income of less than 7,000 yuan. In despair, he has turned to loan sharks, who have no idea what the family is experiencing, in his hometown in Yingshang county, and he has also withdrawn large amounts of cash via a credit card, which is illegal in China.

The rest of the money has been paid by the Yingshang County Government, as part of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme, a complex county-based medical insurance plan solely for rural residents, who have no access to the same form of insurance enjoyed by their urban counterparts.

"The scheme has a special arrangement known as Single Disease Pay, designed especially for rural patients with illnesses deemed severe and costly. Leukemia is on the list," Li Guoping said. "Under this arrangement, children younger than 14 with leukemia are entitled to up to 30,000 yuan for chemotherapy and up to 360,000 yuan for a stem cell transplant. Anything above that upper limit then goes to the common insurance scheme, which pays about 50 percent of the cost."

Xu Zhe, the attending physician in the hematology department of the Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, has been treating Li Ao ever since his arrival at Wujianong, although the stem cell transplant was carried out at the Anhui Provincial Hospital.

"Typically, chemotherapy is recommended for children with low-to average-risk leukemia. The cost ranges between 50,000 yuan and 100,000 yuan," Xu said. "A stem cell transplant is often necessary for high-risk leukemia patients. And the cost, which varies greatly from patient to patient, usually starts at about 200,000 yuan."

Lack of funding

Xu said that the current medical scheme has proved insufficient to keep families afloat mainly because it fails to take many "unpredictable factors" into account.

"Unpredictable and predictable - that's how I describe the many infections endured by my young post-chemo patients," he said. "Hefei is a rainy city. The damp, squalid environment in which they are living only multiplies the problem."

Because the process destroys malignant cells as well as healthy ones, virtually all types of chemotherapy can cause depression of the immune system, accompanied by a drastic reduction in the number of both red and white blood cells and platelets. This makes infection practically inevitable.

"I've never had one child patient who didn't suffer post-chemo infection," Xu said. "And once infection occurs, the anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral drugs can easily cost several thousand yuan. It's not uncommon to spend between 10,000 yuan and 30,000 yuan to fight one infection. I know one child whose infection was so severe and complicated that it cost close to 80,000 yuan to overcome."