Locals in Northwest China sing hua'er, a type of traditional folk song, anytime and whenever they feel happy or sad. Mu Qian speaks to some hua'er enthusiasts on its appeal.

About 10 years ago, rock musician Su Yang was inspired by a CD of blues to begin making his own music. One of his first works, however, was an adaptation of hua'er, a kind of traditional folk song from Northwest China.

"If Western musicians can turn blues to pop and rock, we can use hua'er to create contemporary Chinese music," says Su, who is from Yinchuan, capital of Ningxia Hui autonomous region. "Hua'er is a very unique and down-to-earth kind of song that has its distinct melodic patterns, structures and rhetoric systems."

In his second album, released in 2010, Su covered a traditional hua'er titled The Night Journey (Xia Ye Chuan), which tells a man's secret rendezvous with his lover.

The song begins with depictions of the scenery from the mountain to the plain, which was later disclosed to be underlining the difficulty of the meeting.

Hua'er, which literally means flower, is said to have got its name from the image of a flower symbolizing one's beloved woman.

For local people, hua'er is an important vehicle for expressing personal feelings and a popular rural entertainment.

Many hua'er songs begin with metaphoric and symbolic depictions of scenery, before developing into the real theme, which may be young love, the hard work and weariness of the farming life, and the foibles of men and women.

Su learned The Night Journey from Wang Dexian, a 73-year-old farmer who lives in Helan county near Yinchuan.

"Hua'er is very contagious, and contains folklore and the emotions of Northwestern Chinese people," Wang says. "It is like a treasure house."

Wang began to sing hua'er in childhood, when he tended the sheep grazing in the mountains. He learned it from elder shepherds who often sang hua'er to whip away loneliness or flirt with girls.

Hua'er is also called yequ or "wild tune", since it is often sung in the wild. It is actually forbidden to sing hua'er within the family or in the village in most areas, because of its erotic content.

For outsiders, hua'er is hard to understand because of the high-pitched singing, local accent and the use of many empty words.

The music is drawn from an extensive traditional repertoire named after ethnicities, towns or flowers ("Tu People's tune", "White Peony tune"), and lyrics are improvised in keeping with certain rules - for example, verses have three, four, five or six lines, each made up of a certain number of syllables.

Wang says the hua'er songs that he knows can "fill several trains". He became active performing hua'er from the 1950s and has won a number of awards.

A tape cassette containing his singing is widely spread in Northwest China, although not many people know his name.

Besides traditional lyrics, Wang has created many new lines. One of his famous songs is about the watermelon of Ningxia, and his latest work deals with the issue of China's Diaoyu Islands.

Northwest China is where many different ethnic groups live, and hua'er is sung among the Han, Hui, Salar, Dongxiang, Tu, Bonan, Tibetan and Yugur people. In the Ningxia Hui autonomous region, it is especially favored by the Hui people.

Hui is a Muslim ethnic group, and among the hua'er they sing, one can find titles with Islamic names, such as Sofia Vents Her Grievance and The Green Ribbon of Isa's Straw Hat.

Ma Chengfu, a 50-year-old Hui farmer from Guyuan in south Ning-xia, says hua'er is a tradition that every Hui person should cherish.

However, the original conditions in which hua'er were sung have greatly changed in recent years.

To protect the natural environment, the Guyuan government has banned herding animals outside households. Many farmers also leave their homes to become migrant workers in cities.

Ma also works at construction sites in the city for most of the time, but he has not given up singing hua'er. Sometimes he would sing at the construction site when he has a rest, attracting crowds of passers-by.

Some other workers who know hua'er would also sing with him in the question-and-answer form.

"When I'm happy, I sing hua'er. When I'm sad, I also sing hua'er," he says.

To help pass hua'er down to the young generation, Ma volunteers to teach students to sing it at several primary and middle schools near his home.

In 2009, hua'er was inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The Chinese government recognizes a number of hua'er singers as master inheritors of the art form, including Ma and Wang, and subsidizes them to teach it to others. In 2012, the government of Ningxia established a "transmission base" of hua'er at the August 1 Park of Yinchuan, where aficionados gather together to learn and sing hua'er.

Zhao Jinyan, director of the base, is well-known because of her performance of hua'er on CCTV's popular talent show Star Way. Zhao has also founded an arts troupe to perform hua'er and other local folk songs, and is now planning national tours.

"Hua'er is a unique style of folk song from Northwestern China. I hope it will be heard by not only people from all over China, but also the world," she says.

Contact the writer at muqian@chinadaily.com.cn.

(China Daily 02/01/2013 page18)