Most major Chinese cities continue to suffer heavy air pollution, but cleanup efforts are showing signs of progress, the country's environmental watchdog said on Wednesday.

Only three out of 74 cities that adopted revised air quality standards made the mark last year, Li Ganjie, vice-minister of environmental protection, said during the release of the 2013 Report on the State of the Environment in China.

Haikou in Hainan province, Zhoushan in Zhejiang province and Lhasa in the Tibet autonomous region reached the new air quality standards, according to the report.

The measurements are based on the intensity of pollution factors like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, PM10, PM2.5, carbon monoxide and ozone.

Many of the top 10 cities with the worst air pollution are near the Chinese capital, including Shijiazhuang, Baoding and Tangshan in Hebei province.

Xi'an in Shaanxi province and Zhengzhou in Henan province were also on the list.

But the intensity of PM2.5 — particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 microns that can reach deep into the lungs — in the 74 major cities during the first quarter of 2014 fell by 10.3 percent year-on-year. This shows that the air quality is getting better nationwide, Li said.

"Considering that the first quarter is the most polluted season of the year, the data is still very convincing."

Of the 259 Chinese cities that continued to apply the old air pollution standards, about 70 percent met the requirements, Li said.

"The overall environmental quality has improved, whereas the ecological and environment protection situation is still severe," he said.

The stricter air quality measures are seen as a step forward in the government's determination to fight the notorious air pollution, he said.

Even though most cities failed to meet the stricter air pollution standards, the government said it was confident of improving Beijing's air quality by 2017 — in line with a targeted PM2.5 level of 60 micrograms per cubic meter.

Li said the government would further enhance the country's energy efficiency and optimize the industrial structure, while taking measures against automobile exhaust and construction site emissions.

The government also vowed to enhance regional cooperation to fight air pollution.

Chai Fahe, vice-president of the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, said he believed most major cities could reach the new standards by 2017 as long as the local governments are determined to carry out emission reduction activities.

Beijing, for example, can meet the targeted PM2.5 reduction as long as it sticks to scrapping old cars, suspending polluting industries and reducing coal burning, he said.

Chai also emphasized the importance of stricter air quality standards.

The tougher standards help the government pick up its pace in fighting pollution, he said.

The latest report showed that improving water quality nationwide also faced challenges.

According to the report, 27.8 percent of the 61 lakes and reservoirs being monitored had excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, while 59.6 percent reported poor or extremely poor water quality among the 4,778 monitoring spots for groundwater.

The soil quality of farmland was similarly worrying and regional degradation was serious, it said.

zhengxin@chinadaily.com.cn